Uniform Capitalization (UNICAP) Rule Section 263A: Simplified Production Method and Simplified Service Cost Method Are Not So Simple

In concept, the uniform capitalization (UNICAP) rules of the Internal Revenue Code Section 263A appear straightforward and not too difficult to understand: producers of tangible property (except those specifically excluded) must include in inventory the indirect costs as well as the direct costs of producing that inventory.  But so many have difficulty in applying this important tax rule because of confusing and ill-defined terminology throughout Section 263A and its related regulations.  This article, “How to Implement the Uniform Capitalization (UNICAP) Rule of Section 263A–Simplified Production Method and Simplified Service Cost Method Are Far from Simple“, defines precisely the terms utilized in the required calculations of the simplified service cost and simplified production methods, the recommended approach of capitalizing indirect costs to inventory under UNICAP.

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Tax Deductions for Temporary Workers

Thousands of individuals have accepted temporary work assignments, after being laid off and unable to find full-time “permanent” employment.  Most of these people are eligible for significant tax deductions previously unavailable to them as regular employees:

  1. Car and plane flights between one’s home and business destination
  2. Taxis or limosines from the airport or business lodging to one’s temporary work location
  3. Shipping and bagging costs
  4. Car expenses while away
  5. Lodging and meals
  6. Tips for any of the above services
  7. Business calls, faxes, computer rental fees
  8. Dry cleaning and laundry

Details on taking these material tax deductions on one’s tax return can be found in the article, “Tax Deductions for Temporary Workers“.

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How to Implement the Percentage-of-Completion Method of Accounting

The percentage-of-completion method is generally the required method of financial and tax accounting of larger construction companies for long-term contracts. Its justification relies largely on the matching principle in accounting, where revenues and expenses are matched in the applicable accounting period.  The amount of revenue reported each year under the contract using the percentage of completion method is determined by multiplying the total estimated contract price times the percentage of completion at the end of the taxable year (completion factor) less any gross receipts reported in the prior tax years of the contract.  For an explanation of its methology, including an example with calculations and journal entries, please see the article, “Percentage-of-Completion Method of Construction Accounting“.

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The IPIC Method Revisited: A Simplified Explanation and Illustration of the Inventory Price Index Computation (IPIC) Method

The inventory price index computation (IPIC) method determines inventory values under the LIFO inventory method by utilizing a calculated inventory price index (IPI) based on the consumer price indexes (CPI) or producer price indexes (PPI) published by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).   Why use external indexes under the IPIC method to value inventory? There are two principal answers to this question: IRS acceptance and simplification.  Because the IPIC method uses external government published indexes rather than indexes that are a result of a business’ internal prices,  the IRS understands its LIFO methodology and actually approves of the method.  In addition, the IPIC method is easy to implement.  It eliminates the need to track price changes for all of its many thousands of inventory items, thereby significant reducing internal recordkeeping.   All that is required is a detailed inventory listing linked to PPI or CPI categories to compute current year inflation.  Since beginning indexes from the prior year are already known, the company only needs to populate year-end indexes.  To learn how to apply this method, please see the article,  The IPIC Method Revisited: A Simplified Explanation and Illustration of the Inventory Price Index Computation (IPIC) Method.

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Calculated Value Method of SFAS No. 123R

With the implementation of SFAS123R, the calculated value method is now required for nonpublic companies without an internal market for its stocks or options, or for those unable to identify similar public entities for which share or option price information is available, to value its stock options. The implementation of the calculated value method requires the use of an option pricing model and a volatility measure of an appropriate industry sector index. A comprehensive example of the calculated value method, illustrating in minute detail each step in its calculations of the valuing of a typical stock option of a nonpublic company, is available in the article, “A Simplified Explanation and Example of SFAS 123R’s Calculated Value Method“.

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The Mission Statement of Accountants CPA Hartford

Much of the website of Accountants CPA Hartford is devoted to articles discussing, analyzing, and illustrating the various accounting, auditing, or tax statements, bulletins, codes, guides, interpretations, opinions, pronouncements, and methodologies promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB), American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB). Like Delphic oracles of antiquity, these supreme bodies of accounting and taxation have a reputation for issuing statements veiled in ambiguity and incomprehensibility to the uninitiated, keeping tax attorneys and certified public accountants-the high priestesses of the accounting and tax mysteries-gainfully employed. Although there are a number of guides and interpretations available to professional accountants on the market today, many of them fail to provide detailed and simplified examples of the implementation of the accounting and tax pronouncements. Furthermore, most—if not all—are not readily accessible to the general public and are prohibitive in cost. Since accounting is the language of business, in the light of our country’s present economic difficulties, too much is at stake not to understand its syntax, grammar, vocabulary, and methodology. It is the mission of Accountants CPA Hartford to assist the “uninitiated” small business owners and individuals in understanding this very important language. Within this website are links to articles explaining and illustrating in as simplest terms possible the application of some of these accounting and tax rules.

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Accountants CPA Hartford Welcomes You

Welcome to Accountants CPA Hartford’s blog.  Herein you will find articles on accounting, taxes, bookkeeping, and Quickbooks.  All are invited to submit questions, comments, and article for publication.  Enjoy your visit.  And thank you for coming.

William Brighenti, Certified Public Accountant

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